What is Reality from a Christian Perspective?
What is reality? Billionaire Elon Musk has wondered if our reality is a massive computer simulation, as conceived by Sophia Stewart in the Matrix movies. Popular sayings like, “You only live once,” imply that there is nothing beyond earthly life. The only reality is what we see, feel, and hear.
Is that all there is?
Or comparatively, is there a blue pill to take and wake up to a more real world?
Reality, often regarded as the visible world, is a concept that has intrigued humanity for millennia. What precisely is the nature of reality? How do human beings understand it? Does God exist beyond the electrical signals of our nervous system?
Is the unseen real?
Discussion on reality through the ages arrives at different perspectives: philosophical, scientific, and spiritual. From the ancient Greek philosophers’ ideas on reality’s building blocks to modern physicists unraveling the mysteries of the quantum world; humanity has relentlessly sought to understand existence.
Exploring Reality from a Christian Perspective
At the heart of Christianity, there is a personal perspective on reality, one going beyond the material world. For Christians, reality is not just a cosmic accident or a random sequence of events.
Exploring reality from a Christian perspective holds a unique significance. It asks people to peer through the lens of faith. Faith asks you to look at reality as influenced by God. Furthermore, it challenges people to acknowledge that reality is not confined to the tangible but extends to the spiritual realm. This is where unseen forces and eternal truths shape our journey.
God is the Ultimate Reality
At the core of Christian belief is the ultimate reality – God. This transcends the boundaries of human comprehension. It serves as the bedrock on which the Christian worldview is constructed. Christians firmly believe that God is the creator of the universe, the source of its existence, and the architect of everything in it.
The universe; with its galaxies and living beings, emerges from deliberate creation. God is the ultimate artist, painting with intricate detail, purpose, and design.
God as the Creator is a direct reflection of divine craftsmanship. Nature’s beauty, complexity, and order are cornerstones in physical reality to God’s creative genius.
Some non-Scriptural perspectives: Materialism and Dualism
Materialism views that matter is not an illusion. It is the substance constituting reality; hence physical objects are real in their own right and not merely perceptions in our minds. Materialism aligns closely with scientific viewpoints where empirical evidence forms the basis for validating reality.
From this perspective, even consciousness is viewed as a product of complex biochemical processes within our brains. If we consider rest mass (a property of physical particles), it becomes apparent how materialism anchors its understanding on tangible properties rather than abstract concepts.
Strict materialism holds that immaterial concepts such as soul, spirit, and God are merely products of human thoughts. It suggests that these concepts are not part of objective reality.
Yet materialist science once rejected Faraday’s assertions on electromagnetic radiation; that invisible magnetic fields were an essential part of reality. At its strictest, original formation, materialism would not be able to account for electricity, much less computers that define modern life in today’s reality.
Materialist science can not account for quantum physics or mechanics. Both demonstrate that electrons can be in more than one place at one time. Humans have even found ways to manipulate the unseen quantum world to fuel modern technology.
Dualism: The Intersection of Mind and Matter
In the Marvel series “Loki”, (Season 1, Episode 2), the protagonist asks a self-aware AI program, Miss Minutes, “Can you hear me? Are you alive, or are you a recording?” To which Miss Minutes answers, “A little bit of both.”
Dualism offers another perspective on reality by proposing that mind and matter independently contribute to anchoring our notion of reality. This viewpoint is the synthesis of an idealistic view that championed consciousness or thought. Rene Descartes, a French philosopher and scientist, adopted dualism suggesting distinct realms between body (material) and mind (immaterial).
These realms interacted through the pineal gland – an interface enabling two-way communication between thoughts and bodily actions. Dualism allows us to comprehend complex phenomena like “free will.”
God’s Omnipotence, Omniscience, and Omnipresence
The Christian perspective on God extends beyond the role of the Creator. It embraces the profound attributes of God’s omnipotence, omniscience, and omnipresence. In Christianity, these concepts serve as defining aspects of reality.
Omnipotence means that God is all-powerful. He possesses the capacity to shape and govern the universe according to His divine will. This authority is not constrained by human limitations. It reminds believers that all events in the world are subject to the sovereign providence of God.
Omniscience means that God is all-knowing. He knows details about the universe that the most learned people do not know. God knows the number of hairs on someone’s head. He knows the workings of the stars and planets.
Omnipresence means that God is present everywhere. This divine presence transcends space and time limitations; it is eternal. From the beginning to the end of time, God’s omnipresence is above all. It is shaping the very fabric of reality.
For Christians, the knowledge of God’s three unchanging qualities serves as a reminder of His involvement in lives and the world. It offers solace in moments of uncertainty. It inspires awe. God is not only a distant deity but a living presence within reality.
The Spiritual Realm-Angels and Demons
In Christian theology, the spiritual realm is inhabited by an array of beings. Each plays a distinct role in shaping unseen dimensions of reality. Among these entities, angels and demons stand prominently.
Angels serve as divine agents who execute the will of the Creator. They are beings of pure spirit. Tasks entrusted to them are the delivery of divine revelations (such as the birth of Jesus), the protection of individuals, and the orchestration of providential events (such as the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah). Angels bridge the gap between the earthly and the heavenly.
Demons are hostile forces in the spiritual realm. They are fallen angels who rebelled against God. These entities, driven by rebellion and evil intent, seek to cause discord, temptation, and spiritual separation. Christianity posits that the struggle between good and evil extends beyond the physical world into the spiritual one.
The Afterlife and Eternity
Christianity places significant emphasis on the afterlife as an intrinsic component of reality. Believers have a conviction that human existence transcends the constraints of time and space.
In the Christian perspective, death is not the ultimate end, but a transition to eternal existence. Death marks the passage from the physical reality to the eternal. Christians anticipate an afterlife in which the sufferings of the earthly realm give way to a state of eternal communion with God. This eternity will be full of God’s love, joy, and peace. This gift was available to the thief being crucified with Jesus once he recognized the Savior’s divinity. “Today, you will be with me in paradise,” Jesus promises (Luke 23:43, NIV).
For Christians, belief in eternity infuses their earthly existence with profound hope. It shapes their moral choices, ethical conduct, and understanding of suffering. The concept of eternity calls believers to seek not merely temporal gains but the enduring treasures of the soul.
Scripture as a Source of Divine Truth, Faith, and Revelation in Understanding Reality
Central to the Christian journey is the understanding of the scriptures as the primary source of divine truth and revelation. The Bible’s significance extends beyond its role as a historical literary document. It is a divine revelation, inspired by God and delivered through human authors. Christians turn to its pages to discern God’s will, purpose, and wisdom for real life.
Scripture invites believers into the profound narrative of God’s interaction with humanity, from the creation to salvation. It offers moral guidance, ethical principles, and spiritual insights that shape the Christian’s understanding of reality. These stories of faith, triumph, and tribulation become mirrors through which believers reflect on their life’s journey.
Personal Faith Experiences and Their Impact on Perception of Reality
Beyond the sacred text, personal faith experiences give the Christian perspective on reality. Encounters with the divine are deeply personal and transformative in understanding the spiritual dimensions of reality.
Faith experiences can include moments of profound revelation, answered prayers, and experiences of God’s grace and presence. These encounters engender a heightened awareness of the spiritual dimensions within reality and deepen the bonds of faith.
Personal faith experiences are not confined to the extraordinary. They provide believers with a daily connection to God, affirming that the spiritual realm is not distant.
These experiences become touchstones of faith. They are reminders that reality extends beyond the tangible. Faith experiences infuse life with purpose. Faith offers solace in times of doubt and kindles a yearning for deeper communion with the divine. Ultimately, faith invites believers to explore the depths of reality with open hearts and receptive spirits, allowing the unseen to become an integral part of their daily experience.
Human Beings as Both Physical and Spiritual Entities in Earthly Reality
In Christian thought, human existence is an interplay between the physical and spiritual. The physical body, a part of earthly reality, serves as the vessel for individuals to engage with the material world. It is the vessel in which people experience sensory pleasures, forge connections with others, and navigate the challenges of human existence.
However, Christian theology underscores the temporality and fragility of the physical body. It acknowledges the inevitability of death. Death is a fact that every living being shall return to dust. This awareness of the body’s temporary state serves as a backdrop against which the eternal nature of the human soul is illuminated.
The Soul or Spirit as an Eternal Aspect of Human Reality
In striking contrast to the short-term nature of the physical body, the Christian sees the soul or spirit as an eternal facet of human reality. The soul is the spiritual core that defies the bounds of time and space and true identity. It is the part of humanity that seeks communion with the divine and reflects on the deeper questions of existence.
Is the eternal soul our experience with the first law of thermodynamics, where matter and energy can neither be created nor destroyed? That is a big question.
Human brain activity can partially be measured by electrical signals; electrons, (a quantum particle that makes up our thoughts). Are these same string-like particles extending beyond our skulls across time and space?
Dr. Stephon Alexander, an astrophysicist, suggests exactly that in the chapter “The Cosmic Mind and Quantum Cosmology” of his book, Fear of a Black Universe. He explains the concept of panpsychism, that consciousness is a property of all matter, and the universe itself. (p.206) Panpsychism asserts that a larger consciousness directs the development of humanity.
Of course, this contrasts with the materialist concepts of biological evolution that prevail in current Western science, which holds that our thoughts exist only in our heads and that immaterial concepts such as God, exist only in our heads.
The Christian understanding of the eternal soul infuses human life with profound purpose and significance. Human beings are not mere products of chance or evolutionary processes. We are intentional creations of God-inspired beings with value and dignity. Believing in the eternal soul offers assurance, reminding Christians that their ultimate destiny lies beyond earthly existence.
Being God and Man at the Same Time: Wave-particle Duality and the Observer Effect
A long dispute in Christian metaphysics has been the nature of Jesus, whether He is God, a man or both. Quantum mechanics proves no need for this contradiction because scientists have proven that something can be more than one thing.
In quantum mechanics is wave-particle duality—a concept depicting particles like electrons or photons exhibiting properties of both waves and particles. It’s as if these entities live dual lives—behaving like particles under certain circumstances while expressing wave-like characteristics under others. This asserts that reality does mold itself based on sensory inputs.
Notably, this effect not only influences physical processes but also steers our personal opinions about real situations. Radically different from the causal predictability of classical physics, these principles hint at a universe filled with probabilities. Seeing is believing, but believing is also a form of seeing.
The Fall of Humanity and the Consequences of Sin
At the heart of Christian thought lies the concept of sin. It is an understanding of reality that has far-reaching implications for how believers perceive the world around them. The founding of sin’s entry into the world is in the Biblical narrative of Adam and Eve’s disobedience in the Garden of Eden.
Their rebellion against God’s command resulted in a broken relationship between humankind and God. The consequence of this disobedience reverberates through human history. Consequently, introducing suffering and toil. The narrative paints a vivid portrait of the human condition marked by a propensity towards moral imperfection.
In this Christian perspective, sin is an experiential reality. It is a shadow that lingers over the human experience. The effects of sin cause brokenness and separation from the divine. Sin widens the chasm between human aspirations for goodness and the failure to achieve it.
Redemption and Reconciliation with Ultimate Reality a.k.a. God
Yet, the Christian faith offers a profound response to the reality of sin – the promise of redemption and reconciliation through the transformative power of divine grace. Christianity teaches that, through the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, God offers humanity a pathway to reconcile with Him.
The life of Jesus serves as a model of divine grace in action. He spent much time showing his love for humanity by serving the least of humanity. No one is unworthy of God’s attention. God knows us all.
Jesus’ suffering and death on the cross, is the ultimate act of atonement for sin. It provides believers with the hope of forgiveness. Through faith in Christ and acceptance of God’s grace, Christians believe they can bridge the divide caused by sin and restore their relationship with the Creator.
Redemption in the Christian perspective signifies a process of transformation. It calls for individuals to confront the reality of their sinfulness and seeking forgiveness partnered with divine guidance. It offers the assurance that the fractured human spirit can be mended only with divine intervention.
The Christian understanding of sin and redemption shapes the day-to-day reality. It underscores the profound need for grace and the hope of restoration. Reconciliation invites believers to navigate the complexities of earthly life with humility, reliance on divine mercy, and a commitment to moral renewal.
The Role of Moral Values and Ethics in Christian Reality
Moral values and ethics are cornerstones of Christian reality. They are a moral compass that guides believers through the human experience. Moral values are not mere social conventions but are deeply rooted in a theological perspective known as divine command theory.
Divine Command Theory and Moral Absolutes
In Christian thought, moral values are derived directly from the commands of God. Morals are grounded in the divine will. They are not subject to cultural shifts or human whims. It is anchored in an unalterable eternal source.
Divine command theory holds that God’s commands, as divinely revealed in scripture, provide the moral foundation on which human ethics are constructed. A compass, if you will, to separate right from wrong and provide believers with an eternal standard against their actions.
Recognizing moral absolutes within reality encourages Christians to approach ethical dilemmas with a sense of moral certainty. This moral clarity transcends relativism, offering a stable framework for moral decision-making. Believers embodying God’s moral vision, with the virtues of love, compassion, and justice in their interactions with the external world.
The Sermon on the Mount and the Teachings of Jesus on Morality
The teachings of Jesus Christ, particularly the Sermon on the Mount, shape Christian perspectives on morality and ethics. Delivered by Jesus as an ethical guide, the Sermon on the Mount includes many of the core principles underpinning Christian morality.
Jesus calls upon believers to embrace humility, meekness, and peacemaking. He challenges conventional notions of justice and vengeance. He urges his followers to love their enemies and extend forgiveness.
The Sermon on the Mount influences Christian ethics by inviting believers to engage with the moral challenges of the world. It serves as a guide for ethical conduct, fostering moral integrity.
Confession and Forgiveness as Transformative Aspects of Christian Reality
Confession and seeking forgiveness are integral aspects of Christian reality. The act of confession involves acknowledging one’s moral failures, shortcomings, and wrongdoings before God. It is a recognition of the gap that sin creates in the relationship with the divine.
Seeking forgiveness is an act of humility and reliance on divine grace. Christians believe that through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, God offers forgiveness to those who genuinely repent. This act of divine forgiveness is transformative. Divine grace grants believers the opportunity for reconciliation, spiritual renewal, and improved relations with people.
The Pursuit of Holiness and Righteousness as Aligning with God’s Reality
For Christians, the pursuit of holiness and righteousness is central to aligning one’s moral reality with the reality of God’s kingdom. Holiness refers to a state of moral purity and separation from sin. Righteousness signifies the pursuit of the right relationships with God and others.
Christians are called to strive for holiness and righteousness to align their lives with the moral vision of God. This pursuit is not characterized by self-righteousness but by a genuine desire to embody the virtues exemplified by Christ. It is an ongoing process that involves growth, transformation, and turning away from sin towards God’s moral ideal.
The Christian journey of moral transformation is characterized by a commitment to integrity and moral virtue. Believers are called to cultivate qualities such as love, compassion, humility, and selflessness in their relationships and interactions with others. They are encouraged to act justly, show mercy, and walk humbly with God, drawing inspiration from the moral teachings of Jesus Christ.
For the believer justice, mercy, and humility are not just concepts. They are as real as one’s own body.
The Christian Community Shapes a Shared Reality
Often embodied by the church, the Christian community occupies a central role in manifesting the Christian understanding of reality. It serves as a collective expression of faith, offering a glimpse into the shared spiritual dimensions that bind believers together.
Worship and Sacraments as Communal Expressions of Faith
In the Christian community, communal worship and the observance of sacraments are expressions of shared faith and reality. Worship services bring believers together in adoration directed towards the divine.
Through worship, Christians collectively acknowledge the reality of God’s presence. Congregational singing, prayer, and reading of scripture all foster a sense of unity and shared purpose. Therefore, worship reinforces the belief that, as a community, they stand on common ground before the transcendent reality of God.
Furthermore, the observance of sacraments creates a tangible shared reality via sensory inputs. Sacraments, such as baptism and the Eucharist (Holy Communion), are sacred rituals that signify the believer’s participation in the divine mysteries. These sacraments emphasize the transformative power of God’s grace and the communal nature of faith.
In baptism, individuals are doused and immersed in water as an initiation into the Christian community, signifying their identification with the death and resurrection of Christ. The Eucharist, or Holy Communion, is a cornerstone of the shared reality of God’s sacrificial love.
The physical food serves as a reminder of Jesus’ last supper with his disciples and him offering His body as a sacrifice on the cross. These sacraments are not solitary experiences but communal acts that reinforce the shared reality of faith and the ongoing relationship between believers and God.
These sensory experiences reinforce the literary understanding of the Christian belief system.
The Communion of Saints and the Interconnectedness of Believers
The Christian reality also includes the Communion of Saints, emphasizing the interconnectedness of believers across time and space. This concept transcends the boundaries of physical presence, highlighting the spiritual unity that binds Christians together.
The communion of saints is the belief that Christians share a common spiritual reality. Believers are not isolated but part apart of a broader community of faith spanning generations and cultures. This communion extends to the saints who have gone before, acknowledging their continued presence in the spiritual realm and their role as intercessors on behalf of the living. It is an eternal connection of wave frequencies beyond the material.
This communion of saints enriches the Christian experience of reality. The struggles and even martyrdom of saints throughout history are encouragement for believers in their spiritual pilgrimage.
The Church’s Role in Bearing Witness and Putting Faith on View
The Church, as a community of believers, bears witness to the Christian understanding of reality. Its hierarchy, as established by the Apostle Paul, provides leadership and food for the needy, thereby shaping the world around it. The Church, ideally, puts faith on view.
Evangelism and Spreading the Christian Message
Evangelism, or the proclamation of the Christian message, represents a fundamental aspect of the church’s mission. Through evangelism, Christians share their faith and invite others into the experience of encountering God and enjoying fellowship with other believers. Evangelism is a mission to share the Christian understanding of a reality that contains hope, redemption, and reconciliation with all who accept Jesus as their path to salvation.
Evangelism takes various forms, including preaching, teaching, missions and outreach efforts. Jesus’ early followers and later evangelists often paid with their lives (martyrdom) for preaching the good news. Whether through the spoken word or acts of service, evangelism seeks to bridge the gap between the reality of God’s love and the reality of a broken world. It is the church’s commitment to extending the transformative power of the Christian message to individuals and communities.
Acts of Service and Love as Expressions of Christian Reality
Acts of service and love within the Christian community are powerful expressions of Christian reality. Jesus modeled acts of service and love during his earthly mission.
Through acts of service, Christians embody the reality of a faith that compels them to care for the marginalized and work for justice. It is through these acts that moral and ethical dimensions of Christian reality become visible.
Acts of love such as compassion, forgiveness, or selfless giving, reflect the transformative power of God’s grace. They bear witness to grace and call believers to extend love and grace to others, mirroring the divine love that underpins the Christian understanding of reality.
The Christian community, represented by the church, is a living expression of the shared reality that defines the Christian faith. Through communal worship, sacraments, and the communion of saints, believers come together to acknowledge and participate in a reality anchored in God’s presence and grace. The church’s mission, encompassing evangelism and acts of service, bears witness to the transformative power of the Christian message that shape Christian reality. In this way, the church serves as a stage on which the Christian understanding of reality is made visible, inviting others to join in.
The Nature of the Trinity and Its Implications for Reality
Christian thinkers often delve into perplexing topics, and one of the most significant among them is the nature of the Trinity or the triune God. The Trinity consists of the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit.
Christianity asserts that these three persons are distinct yet fully and equally God. God’s triune nature suggests a reality that is inherently relational and communal. God exists in a dynamic interplay of love and unity within the Godhead, and this relationship has implications for human relationships. The triune gives an understanding of community within the Christian reality.
The doctrine of the Trinity underscores the concept of divine immanence and transcendence. God is immanent, meaning present and active within the created world, while simultaneously being transcendent, beyond and above all of creation. The Creator exists in the created, physical form of God’s son, Jesus, and in the invisible form of the Holy Spirit. Christian reality is a space where the divine is intimately involved yet beyond human comprehension.
The debate about the Trinity invites Christians to explore this mystery and how it shapes their understanding of reality. It raises questions about the nature of divine love, the unity of the Church, and the dynamics of the human-divine relationship. While these debates can be complex, they reflect the ongoing journey of faith in seeking a deeper understanding of the divine reality.
Predestination vs. Free Will and Their Impact on Human Reality
Another theological debate centers on the tension between predestination and free will. The big question is whether God preordains all events, including human choices, or if individuals possess genuine free will.
This debate has implications for how Christians perceive their agency and responsibility. Those who emphasize predestination argue that God’s foreknowledge and sovereignty shape the course of human events, including salvation. On the other hand, advocates of free will emphasize the human capacity to make moral choices to fulfill one’s spiritual destiny.
The tension between predestination and free will challenges believers to grapple with questions about the nature of divine providence and the role of human choice in salvation with complex interplay between divine sovereignty and human responsibility in context with Christian reality.
Dialogue with Non-Christian Perspectives on Reality
Engaging with individuals from non-Christian perspectives on reality offers a chance for mutual understanding and exploration of different worldviews. This includes different faith traditions and even atheistic belief systems.
Through these dialogues, Christians may find themselves challenged to articulate their beliefs and provide compelling reasons for their faith. Challenges like these sharpen the tools in the Christian’s intellectual toolbox for future encounters.
Moreover, dialogue with non-Christian perspectives can lead to a deeper appreciation of the rich tapestry of human belief systems. It can foster empathy, bridge gaps in understanding, and highlight shared values and aspirations. These conversations offer opportunities for Christians to exemplify the love, respect, and humility.
Challenges Posed by Secularism and Skepticism
In an increasingly secular and skeptical world, Christians may encounter challenges to their beliefs about a God-based reality. Secularism, characterized by the separation of religion from public life and institutions, may lead to a marginalization of religious perspectives in various domains of society.
Skepticism, both religious and atheistic, raises questions about the validity of religious claims and the existence of the divine. Skeptics often demand evidence and rational justification for religious beliefs, posing challenges for individuals who seek to reconcile their faith with empirical and philosophical inquiry.
These challenges invite Christians to engage in thoughtful reflection and apologetics, which involves providing reasoned justifications for their faith. Apologetics, or defenses of Christianity, can encompass philosophical arguments, historical evidence, and personal testimonies that demonstrate the rationality and coherence of the Christian understanding of reality.
In facing secularism and skepticism, Christians can engage in constructive dialogue, promote religious freedom, and contribute to discussions on ethics, morality, and societal values.
Conclusion
This exploration of reality from a Christian perspective has uncovered a profound and intricate worldview that shapes how believers perceive and interact with the world. At its core, this perspective is anchored in the belief in an ultimate reality – God – who is the source and sustainer of all that exists. God’s omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence, and other divine qualities define the very nature of reality to Christians.
Also part of this spiritual realm are angels and demons, and the profound significance of the afterlife and eternity in Christian understanding. The role of faith, both rooted in scripture and nurtured through personal experiences, has emerged as a guiding force in how believers perceive and engage with the divine dimensions of reality.
Human existence as explained by Christianity, is characterized by the coexistence of the physical body and the eternal soul or spirit. The notion of sin, stemming from the fall of humanity, casts a shadow over human perception of reality, but the promise of redemption and reconciliation through Christ offers a path toward healing and restoration.
Moral values and ethics play a pivotal role within Christian reality, founded upon divine command theory and exemplified through the teachings of Jesus, particularly in the Sermon on the Mount. Sin and repentance shape the moral landscape, with confession and forgiveness serving as transformative elements of the Christian journey toward spiritual growth.
The Christian community, represented by the church, is a tangible reflection of a shared reality. Communal worship and sacraments express collective faith, while the communion of saints emphasizes the interconnectedness of believers across time and space. The church’s mission of evangelism and acts of love bears witness to the Christian understanding of reality.
Ongoing Exploration and Deepening of Understanding within the Christian Faith
Christianity encourages a continuous exploration of understanding within the faith. Scripture shows Jesus debating older scriptures with religious teachers. In Christianity, the journey of faith is dynamic. The Christian life is marked by personal encounters with the divine and a perpetual quest for alignment with God’s reality.
Believers may delve deeper into scripture, engage in theological reflection, and cultivate a more profound relationship with God. The Christian tradition values theological inquiry, spiritual growth, and ethical transformation to deepen one’s understanding of reality. It encourages believers to wrestle with complex questions, seek answers in the wisdom of the Christian tradition, and allow their faith to mature.
Encouragement for Individuals to Explore and Reflect on Their Own Beliefs about Reality, Particularly from a Christian Viewpoint or Different Perspective
In conclusion, the exploration of absolute reality is a personal and reflective journey that extends beyond the confines of any particular belief system. No matter if one approaches it from a Christian perspective or a different worldview, the quest to comprehend reality remains an enduring human pursuit.
Individuals of diverse faiths, philosophies, and worldviews are encouraged to engage in thoughtful reflection and dialogue about their beliefs concerning reality.
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